syzkaller
syzkaller login: [ 15.659556][ T36] kauditd_printk_skb: 48 callbacks suppressed
[ 15.659575][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157710.890:59): avc: denied { transition } for pid=232 comm="sshd-session" path="/bin/sh" dev="sda1" ino=90 scontext=system_u:system_r:sshd_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=process permissive=1
[ 15.663982][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157710.890:60): avc: denied { noatsecure } for pid=232 comm="sshd-session" scontext=system_u:system_r:sshd_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=process permissive=1
[ 15.667077][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157710.890:61): avc: denied { write } for pid=232 comm="sh" path="pipe:[2903]" dev="pipefs" ino=2903 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:system_r:sshd_t tclass=fifo_file permissive=1
[ 15.670535][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157710.890:62): avc: denied { rlimitinh } for pid=232 comm="sh" scontext=system_u:system_r:sshd_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=process permissive=1
[ 15.673271][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157710.890:63): avc: denied { siginh } for pid=232 comm="sh" scontext=system_u:system_r:sshd_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=process permissive=1
Warning: Permanently added '10.128.0.85' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
2026/05/19 02:28:40 parsed 1 programs
[ 25.354992][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157720.580:64): avc: denied { node_bind } for pid=302 comm="syz-execprog" saddr=::1 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:object_r:node_t tclass=tcp_socket permissive=1
[ 26.497124][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157721.730:65): avc: denied { mounton } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" path="/syzcgroup/unified" dev="sda1" ino=2024 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=root:object_r:root_t tclass=dir permissive=1
[ 26.498130][ T308] cgroup: Unknown subsys name 'net'
[ 26.519784][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157721.730:66): avc: denied { mount } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" name="/" dev="cgroup2" ino=1 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:object_r:cgroup_t tclass=filesystem permissive=1
[ 26.547089][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157721.760:67): avc: denied { unmount } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:object_r:cgroup_t tclass=filesystem permissive=1
[ 26.547266][ T308] cgroup: Unknown subsys name 'devices'
[ 26.707251][ T308] cgroup: Unknown subsys name 'hugetlb'
[ 26.713056][ T308] cgroup: Unknown subsys name 'rlimit'
[ 26.891713][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:68): avc: denied { setattr } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" name="raw-gadget" dev="devtmpfs" ino=190 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:object_r:device_t tclass=chr_file permissive=1
[ 26.914939][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:69): avc: denied { create } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=netlink_generic_socket permissive=1
[ 26.935709][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:70): avc: denied { write } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=netlink_generic_socket permissive=1
[ 26.944929][ T311] SELinux: Context root:object_r:swapfile_t is not valid (left unmapped).
[ 26.956149][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:71): avc: denied { read } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=netlink_generic_socket permissive=1
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 127995904 bytes
[ 26.984865][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:72): avc: denied { sys_module } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" capability=16 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tclass=capability permissive=1
[ 27.005960][ T36] audit: type=1400 audit(1779157722.120:73): avc: denied { mounton } for pid=308 comm="syz-executor" path="/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc" dev="binfmt_misc" ino=1 scontext=root:sysadm_r:sysadm_t tcontext=system_u:object_r:binfmt_misc_fs_t tclass=dir permissive=1
[ 27.042581][ T308] Adding 124996k swap on ./swap-file. Priority:0 extents:1 across:124996k
[ 28.059937][ T315] soft_limit_in_bytes is deprecated and will be removed. Please report your usecase to linux-mm@kvack.org if you depend on this functionality.
[ 28.203907][ T325] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered blocking state
[ 28.211124][ T325] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered disabled state
[ 28.218342][ T325] bridge_slave_0: entered allmulticast mode
[ 28.224521][ T325] bridge_slave_0: entered promiscuous mode
[ 28.231201][ T325] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered blocking state
[ 28.238306][ T325] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered disabled state
[ 28.245406][ T325] bridge_slave_1: entered allmulticast mode
[ 28.251587][ T325] bridge_slave_1: entered promiscuous mode
[ 28.295200][ T325] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered blocking state
[ 28.302280][ T325] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered forwarding state
[ 28.309697][ T325] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered blocking state
[ 28.316760][ T325] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered forwarding state
[ 28.355447][ T325] veth0_vlan: entered promiscuous mode
[ 28.366244][ T325] veth1_macvtap: entered promiscuous mode
[ 28.577938][ T13] bridge_slave_1: left allmulticast mode
[ 28.584010][ T13] bridge_slave_1: left promiscuous mode
[ 28.590038][ T13] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered disabled state
[ 28.597912][ T13] bridge_slave_0: left allmulticast mode
[ 28.603559][ T13] bridge_slave_0: left promiscuous mode
[ 28.609480][ T13] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered disabled state
[ 28.720212][ T13] veth1_macvtap: left promiscuous mode
[ 28.726014][ T13] veth0_vlan: left promiscuous mode
2026/05/19 02:28:44 executed programs: 0
[ 29.375151][ T377] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered blocking state
[ 29.382338][ T377] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered disabled state
[ 29.389530][ T377] bridge_slave_0: entered allmulticast mode
[ 29.395793][ T377] bridge_slave_0: entered promiscuous mode
[ 29.402094][ T377] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered blocking state
[ 29.409276][ T377] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered disabled state
[ 29.417765][ T377] bridge_slave_1: entered allmulticast mode
[ 29.424190][ T377] bridge_slave_1: entered promiscuous mode
[ 29.469124][ T377] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered blocking state
[ 29.476229][ T377] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered forwarding state
[ 29.483536][ T377] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered blocking state
[ 29.490678][ T377] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered forwarding state
[ 29.512389][ T380] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered disabled state
[ 29.523315][ T380] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered disabled state
[ 29.537497][ T326] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered blocking state
[ 29.544567][ T326] bridge0: port 1(bridge_slave_0) entered forwarding state
[ 29.553410][ T46] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered blocking state
[ 29.560488][ T46] bridge0: port 2(bridge_slave_1) entered forwarding state
[ 29.582459][ T377] veth0_vlan: entered promiscuous mode
[ 29.592652][ T377] veth1_macvtap: entered promiscuous mode
[ 29.622232][ T377] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 29.627770][ T377] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 377 at fs/inode.c:340 drop_nlink+0xce/0x110
[ 29.635724][ T377] Modules linked in:
[ 29.639650][ T377] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 377 Comm: syz-executor Not tainted syzkaller #0 d58365df94cd5f4886b4f3ec3f08a458f2157066
[ 29.651316][ T377] Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/18/2026
[ 29.661409][ T377] RIP: 0010:drop_nlink+0xce/0x110
[ 29.666490][ T377] Code: 04 00 00 be 08 00 00 00 e8 cf 12 ee ff f0 48 ff 83 b8 04 00 00 5b 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f 5d c3 cc cc cc cc cc e8 f2 83 95 ff <0f> 0b eb 81 44 89 f1 80 e1 07 80 c1 03 38 c1 0f 8c 59 ff ff ff 4c
[ 29.686201][ T377] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000f3fc60 EFLAGS: 00010293
[ 29.692287][ T377] RAX: ffffffff81f23fae RBX: ffff88812e5d5308 RCX: ffff8881146b0000
[ 29.700300][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
[ 29.708324][ T377] RBP: ffffc90000f3fc88 R08: 0000000000000003 R09: 0000000000000004
[ 29.716334][ T377] R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff520001e7f7c R12: dffffc0000000000
[ 29.724315][ T377] R13: 1ffff11025cbaa6a R14: ffff88812e5d5350 R15: 0000000000000000
[ 29.732305][ T377] FS: 000055558a7d5500(0000) GS:ffff8881f6e00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 29.741288][ T377] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 29.747921][ T377] CR2: 000055558a7f8958 CR3: 00000001023c4000 CR4: 00000000003526b0
[ 29.755938][ T377] Call Trace:
[ 29.759219][ T377]
[ 29.762141][ T377] shmem_rmdir+0x5f/0x90
[ 29.766406][ T377] vfs_rmdir+0x3e0/0x560
[ 29.770666][ T377] incfs_kill_sb+0x109/0x230
[ 29.775288][ T377] deactivate_locked_super+0xd8/0x2a0
[ 29.780677][ T377] deactivate_super+0xb8/0xe0
[ 29.785373][ T377] cleanup_mnt+0x406/0x4a0
[ 29.789807][ T377] __cleanup_mnt+0x1d/0x40
[ 29.794215][ T377] task_work_run+0x1e5/0x260
[ 29.798837][ T377] ? __cfi_task_work_run+0x10/0x10
[ 29.804102][ T377] ? __x64_sys_umount+0x12e/0x180
[ 29.809190][ T377] ? __cfi___x64_sys_umount+0x10/0x10
[ 29.814598][ T377] ? __kasan_check_read+0x15/0x20
[ 29.819687][ T377] resume_user_mode_work+0x35/0x50
[ 29.824817][ T377] syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x63/0xb0
[ 29.830422][ T377] do_syscall_64+0x63/0xf0
[ 29.834889][ T377] ? clear_bhb_loop+0x50/0xa0
[ 29.839611][ T377] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
[ 29.845542][ T377] RIP: 0033:0x7f09dfb9e097
[ 29.849970][ T377] Code: a2 c7 05 5c 06 25 00 00 00 00 00 eb 96 e8 e1 12 00 00 90 31 f6 e9 09 00 00 00 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 b8 a6 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 01 c3 48 c7 c2 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 02 b8
[ 29.869623][ T377] RSP: 002b:00007ffec6093378 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000a6
[ 29.878100][ T377] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f09dfb9e097
[ 29.886138][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000009 RDI: 00007ffec6093430
[ 29.894145][ T377] RBP: 00007ffec6093430 R08: 00007ffec6094430 R09: 00000000ffffffff
[ 29.902172][ T377] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007ffec60944c0
[ 29.910210][ T377] R13: 00007f09dfc321ca R14: 0000000000007399 R15: 00007ffec6094500
[ 29.918246][ T377]
[ 29.921270][ T377] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
[ 29.926879][ T377] ==================================================================
[ 29.934950][ T377] BUG: KASAN: null-ptr-deref in ihold+0x24/0x70
[ 29.941207][ T377] Write of size 4 at addr 0000000000000168 by task syz-executor/377
[ 29.949253][ T377]
[ 29.951567][ T377] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 377 Comm: syz-executor Tainted: G W syzkaller #0 d58365df94cd5f4886b4f3ec3f08a458f2157066
[ 29.951587][ T377] Tainted: [W]=WARN
[ 29.951592][ T377] Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/18/2026
[ 29.951599][ T377] Call Trace:
[ 29.951604][ T377]
[ 29.951609][ T377] __dump_stack+0x21/0x30
[ 29.951628][ T377] dump_stack_lvl+0x140/0x1c0
[ 29.951644][ T377] ? __cfi_dump_stack_lvl+0x10/0x10
[ 29.951661][ T377] print_report+0x3d/0x70
[ 29.951677][ T377] kasan_report+0x162/0x1a0
[ 29.951691][ T377] ? ihold+0x24/0x70
[ 29.951704][ T377] ? _raw_spin_unlock+0x45/0x60
[ 29.951717][ T377] ? ihold+0x24/0x70
[ 29.951730][ T377] kasan_check_range+0x25a/0x2b0
[ 29.951745][ T377] __kasan_check_write+0x18/0x20
[ 29.951757][ T377] ihold+0x24/0x70
[ 29.951769][ T377] vfs_rmdir+0x26a/0x560
[ 29.951785][ T377] incfs_kill_sb+0x109/0x230
[ 29.951798][ T377] deactivate_locked_super+0xd8/0x2a0
[ 29.951814][ T377] deactivate_super+0xb8/0xe0
[ 29.951829][ T377] cleanup_mnt+0x406/0x4a0
[ 29.951843][ T377] __cleanup_mnt+0x1d/0x40
[ 29.951857][ T377] task_work_run+0x1e5/0x260
[ 29.951872][ T377] ? __cfi_task_work_run+0x10/0x10
[ 29.951887][ T377] ? __x64_sys_umount+0x12e/0x180
[ 29.951904][ T377] ? __cfi___x64_sys_umount+0x10/0x10
[ 29.951921][ T377] ? __kasan_check_read+0x15/0x20
[ 29.951932][ T377] resume_user_mode_work+0x35/0x50
[ 29.951944][ T377] syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x63/0xb0
[ 29.951960][ T377] do_syscall_64+0x63/0xf0
[ 29.951971][ T377] ? clear_bhb_loop+0x50/0xa0
[ 29.951985][ T377] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
[ 29.952004][ T377] RIP: 0033:0x7f09dfb9e097
[ 29.952016][ T377] Code: a2 c7 05 5c 06 25 00 00 00 00 00 eb 96 e8 e1 12 00 00 90 31 f6 e9 09 00 00 00 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 b8 a6 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 01 c3 48 c7 c2 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 02 b8
[ 29.952027][ T377] RSP: 002b:00007ffec6093378 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000a6
[ 29.952041][ T377] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f09dfb9e097
[ 29.952050][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000009 RDI: 00007ffec6093430
[ 29.952058][ T377] RBP: 00007ffec6093430 R08: 00007ffec6094430 R09: 00000000ffffffff
[ 29.952067][ T377] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007ffec60944c0
[ 29.952075][ T377] R13: 00007f09dfc321ca R14: 0000000000007399 R15: 00007ffec6094500
[ 29.952085][ T377]
[ 29.952090][ T377] ==================================================================
[ 30.196133][ T377] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
[ 30.202318][ T377] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000168
[ 30.210107][ T377] #PF: supervisor write access in kernel mode
[ 30.216162][ T377] #PF: error_code(0x0002) - not-present page
[ 30.222127][ T377] PGD 800000010db13067 P4D 800000010db13067 PUD 0
[ 30.228625][ T377] Oops: Oops: 0002 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI
[ 30.234687][ T377] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 377 Comm: syz-executor Tainted: G B W syzkaller #0 d58365df94cd5f4886b4f3ec3f08a458f2157066
[ 30.247796][ T377] Tainted: [B]=BAD_PAGE, [W]=WARN
[ 30.252810][ T377] Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 04/18/2026
[ 30.262872][ T377] RIP: 0010:ihold+0x2a/0x70
[ 30.267391][ T377] Code: f3 0f 1e fa 55 48 89 e5 41 56 53 48 89 fb e8 dd 7a 95 ff 48 8d bb 68 01 00 00 be 04 00 00 00 e8 8c 09 ee ff 41 be 01 00 00 00 44 0f c1 b3 68 01 00 00 41 ff c6 bf 02 00 00 00 44 89 f6 e8 ed
[ 30.287005][ T377] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000f3fca0 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 30.293062][ T377] RAX: ffff8881146b0000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffff8881146b0000
[ 30.301026][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
[ 30.308998][ T377] RBP: ffffc90000f3fcb0 R08: ffffffff88bba947 R09: 1ffffffff1177528
[ 30.316960][ T377] R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffffbfff1177529 R12: ffff88812e5d5314
[ 30.324934][ T377] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: 0000000000000000
[ 30.333067][ T377] FS: 000055558a7d5500(0000) GS:ffff8881f6f00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 30.341984][ T377] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 30.348555][ T377] CR2: 0000000000000168 CR3: 00000001023c4000 CR4: 00000000003526b0
[ 30.356540][ T377] Call Trace:
[ 30.360945][ T377]
[ 30.363878][ T377] vfs_rmdir+0x26a/0x560
[ 30.368148][ T377] incfs_kill_sb+0x109/0x230
[ 30.372745][ T377] deactivate_locked_super+0xd8/0x2a0
[ 30.378144][ T377] deactivate_super+0xb8/0xe0
[ 30.382830][ T377] cleanup_mnt+0x406/0x4a0
[ 30.387245][ T377] __cleanup_mnt+0x1d/0x40
[ 30.391655][ T377] task_work_run+0x1e5/0x260
[ 30.396246][ T377] ? __cfi_task_work_run+0x10/0x10
[ 30.401347][ T377] ? __x64_sys_umount+0x12e/0x180
[ 30.406388][ T377] ? __cfi___x64_sys_umount+0x10/0x10
[ 30.411774][ T377] ? __kasan_check_read+0x15/0x20
[ 30.416813][ T377] resume_user_mode_work+0x35/0x50
[ 30.421940][ T377] syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x63/0xb0
[ 30.427444][ T377] do_syscall_64+0x63/0xf0
[ 30.431956][ T377] ? clear_bhb_loop+0x50/0xa0
[ 30.436633][ T377] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
[ 30.442525][ T377] RIP: 0033:0x7f09dfb9e097
[ 30.446944][ T377] Code: a2 c7 05 5c 06 25 00 00 00 00 00 eb 96 e8 e1 12 00 00 90 31 f6 e9 09 00 00 00 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 b8 a6 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 01 c3 48 c7 c2 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 02 b8
[ 30.466654][ T377] RSP: 002b:00007ffec6093378 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000a6
[ 30.475113][ T377] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f09dfb9e097
[ 30.483106][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000009 RDI: 00007ffec6093430
[ 30.491075][ T377] RBP: 00007ffec6093430 R08: 00007ffec6094430 R09: 00000000ffffffff
[ 30.499065][ T377] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007ffec60944c0
[ 30.507041][ T377] R13: 00007f09dfc321ca R14: 0000000000007399 R15: 00007ffec6094500
[ 30.515009][ T377]
[ 30.518089][ T377] Modules linked in:
[ 30.522018][ T377] CR2: 0000000000000168
[ 30.526189][ T377] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
[ 30.531634][ T377] RIP: 0010:ihold+0x2a/0x70
[ 30.536154][ T377] Code: f3 0f 1e fa 55 48 89 e5 41 56 53 48 89 fb e8 dd 7a 95 ff 48 8d bb 68 01 00 00 be 04 00 00 00 e8 8c 09 ee ff 41 be 01 00 00 00 44 0f c1 b3 68 01 00 00 41 ff c6 bf 02 00 00 00 44 89 f6 e8 ed
[ 30.555767][ T377] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000f3fca0 EFLAGS: 00010246
[ 30.561826][ T377] RAX: ffff8881146b0000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffff8881146b0000
[ 30.569788][ T377] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
[ 30.577760][ T377] RBP: ffffc90000f3fcb0 R08: ffffffff88bba947 R09: 1ffffffff1177528
[ 30.585720][ T377] R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffffbfff1177529 R12: ffff88812e5d5314
[ 30.593689][ T377] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: 0000000000000000
[ 30.601664][ T377] FS: 000055558a7d5500(0000) GS:ffff8881f6f00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 30.610670][ T377] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 30.617239][ T377] CR2: 0000000000000168 CR3: 00000001023c4000 CR4: 00000000003526b0
[ 30.625215][ T377] Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception
[ 30.631438][ T377] Kernel Offset: disabled
[ 30.635760][ T377] Rebooting in 86400 seconds..